paper 7 Assignment

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                     Assignment

Name: Trivedi Disha Hiteshbhai

Paper no: 7

Topic:apply I.A.Richards theory of figurative language in film lyrics

Year: 2015-2017

M.A.Sem = 2

Submitted to: Smt. S.b.gardi department of English m. k. Bhavnagar University (Gujarat)

                      

Topic:apply I.A.Richards theory of figurative language in film lyrics.

I.A.Richards is the most influential critic of the modern criticism who has designed a systematic and complete theory of the literary art. His reputation as a critic lies on a limited number of critical books he wrote. They are “the foundations of Aesthetics”, “The meaning of meaning”, “the principle of literary criticism”, “practical criticism” etc.

As a critic, I.A.Richard is a staunch advocates of close textual and verbal study and analysis of a work of art without reference o its author and the age. His approach is pragmatic. He has made literary criticism factual, scientific and complete.

He has linked up the psychology with criticism. For him, a critic is expected to have adequate knowledge of psychology in order to enter into the author’s mind. He also gives too much importance to the art of communication and brings out a distinction, between the scientific and the motives uses of language. He also talks about the qualities of a good critic. The critic should be able to distinguish experiences from one another and must be sound judge of values.

According to Richards, poetry is the representation of impulses and experiences of the poet. To understand and appreciate poetry dispassionate psychological analysis is necessary. To   understand the real nature of poetry one has to understand how the mind works in an experience. To him, poetry is a means by which we can get emotional balance.

Richards also talks about four kinds of meaning. For him language is made of words and hence a study of language is all important, if we are to understand the meaning of a poem. He believes that successive readings of a poem are necessary to understand the poetic meaning. Poetic truth is different from scientific truth.

His idea of the four kind of meaning..

1)      Sense

2)      Feeling

3)      Tone

4)      Intention

Now i would like to throw some light on that.

1)      Sense :  which is means we speak to say something and when we expect something to be said, we use words to direct our hearers’ attention upon some state of affairs, to present to them some items for consideration and to excite in them some thought about these items.

2)      Feeling: which is means we have some feeling about these items, about the state of affairs we are referring to. We have an attitude towards it, some personal favour or colouring of feeling and we use language to express these feeling.

3)      Tone: the attitude of the writer towards his readers. Thus he chooses or arranges his words differently as his audience varies. In automatic or deliberate recognition of his relation to them. The tone of his utterance reflects his awareness of this relation, his sense of how he understands those he is addressing.

4)       Intention: apart from what the writer says 9sense), his attitude to what he is talking about (feeling), and his attitude to his listener(tone), there is the speaker’s intention, his aim, the effect he is endeavouring to promote. Originally he speaks for a purpose and his purpose modifies his speech. The understanding of it is part of the whole business of apprehending his meaning.

According to I.R.RICHARS, words are symbols or signs and deliver their full meaning only in a particular context. Meaning is dependent on context. He also argues that one needs careful reading to find the meaning, to grasp the meaning. Thus, the literary critic is expected to understand and expand the context to that the poem may become intelligible and its full value may be grasped.

According to him, the meaning of words is also determined by rhythm and metre. Both rhythm and meter are organic and integral parts of a poem, for both determine the meaning of the words used by the poets.

Then I.A.Richards talks about the use of figurative language. According to him poetry is often misunderstood because of wrong types of figures and choice of words. The poet should be very much careful about diction and syntax. In the same way readers should also be well- equipped. If he takes meaning literally there is a danger of misunderstanding.  I.A.Richards agrees that the language of prose. A dictionary meaning of words cannot help in understanding poetry.

He says that very often figurative language is valuable but it creates problems also. He does not agree with the use of unnecessary figures of speech. He firmly believes that figurative language should also be rational, coherent and scientific. He also abhors the use of mixture of metaphor which can damage the beauty of poetry. He prefers personification as a valuable tool in poetry but it must be concrete. He, thus, appreciates Shakespeare’s personifications.

Finally he says that figurative language requires deep study. The poet is like a chemist and not a moralist. He should present poetic truth with logical coherence. Because poetic truth is different from scientific truth, it is a matter of emotional relief rather than intellectual belief. It is not a matter of versification, but of attitude and emotional reaction.

To conclude, a poet writes to communicate and language is the means of communication. Language is made of words and hence a study of words is all important. We use words to understand the meaning of a work of art. On this ground the concept of I.A.Richards or the four kinds of meaning is a very important critical doctrine.

Here i tried to apply I.A.Richards theory of figurative language in lyrics of songs.

1)

Chandan Sa Badan Lyrics - Saraswatichandra (1968)

Movie/album: Saraswatichandra (1968)

Singers: Mukesh Chand Mathur (Mukesh) or lata mangeshkar

Song Lyricists: Indeevar (Shyamalal Ba0bu Rai)

Music Composer: Anandji Virji Shah, Kalyanji Virji Shah

Music Director: Anandji Virji Shah, Kalyanji Virji Shah

Director: Govind Saraiya

Music Label: Saregama

Starring: Nutan, Manish

In this song i tried to applied  I.A.Richards figurative language..

चन्दन सा बदन, चंचल चितवन
धीरे से तेरा ये मुस्काना
मुझे दोष न देना जगवालों
हो जाऊं अगर मैं दीवाना
(हो जाए अगर दिल दीवाना)

in the frist stanza we can see lines says about any person who is most important than others. Here he campaire his beloved with many other symbols to express his love for her “ chandan sa badan, chanchal chitvan” here we can see human body is not any kind of tree fruit but ‘Chanan’ is a symbol of coolness or softness so he campaire his beloved to piece of chandan. By using ‘chandan’ word he express that you are very soft and beautiful

ये काम कमान भंवे तेरी
पलकों के किनारे कजरारे
माथे पर सिंदूरी सूरज
होंठों पे दहकते अंगारे
साया भी जो तेरा पड़ जाए
आबाद हो दिल का वीराना
चन्दन सा बदन...

in these lines he describe her beauty support with different symbols like ये काम कमान भंवे तेरी
पलकों के किनारे कजरारे it means your eyes are very beautiful its like river near Margo and then other line in your head kumkum like sun here we can see sun is symbols of her sindur. होंठों पे दहकते अंगारे means your smile it gives me a happiness here ‘aangare’ is not a symbol of fire but her smile when ever she smile he became a happy .

तन भी सुन्दर, मन भी सुन्दर
तू सुन्दरता की मूरत है
किसी और को शायद कम होगी
मुझे तेरी बहुत जरुरत है
पहले भी बहुत मैं तरसा हूँ (दिल तरसा है)
तू और ना दिल को तरसाना
चन्दन सा बदन...

In third stanza we find that he finally ends his imagination and come to his result and says to her about her beauty तन भी सुन्दर, मन भी सुन्दर तू सुन्दरता की मूरत है here we can see that he tells to her. she is like a beautiful statue created by god.  Next lines he says that other persons need you or not but i wants’ you a lot because before it i m waiting for you much longer time now its over i m totally passionless.

ये विशाल नयन, जैसे नील गगन
पंछी की तरह खो जाऊ मैं
सिरहाना जो हो तेरी बाहों का
अंगारों पे सो जाऊं मैं
मेरा बैरागी मन डोल गया
देखी जो अदा तेरी मस्ताना
चन्दन सा बदन

Your eyes see me where ever i m. I want what ever you are. here other symbols like  अंगारों पे सो जाऊं मैं nobody can sleep in fire its just imaginations of writer.

2) Singer(s) : Udit Narayan Alka Yagnik Adnam Sami
Lyricist(s) : Ibrahim Ashq 
Music(s) : Rajesh Roshan 
Koi Mil Gaya 2003                         

                            

                             

 jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
aaj dharti se gagan ka
aaj dharti se gagan ka
phoolon se chaman ka
ghatao se pawan ka ho raha milan
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
aaj dharti se gagan ka
aaj dharti se gagan ka
phoolon se chaman ka
ghatao se pawan ka ho raha milan
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo

yeh kaisa hai tamasha
nayi pyaar ki hai bhasha
ab koi nahi hai nirasha
yeh kaisa hai tamasha
nayi pyaar ki hai bhasha
ab koi nahi hai nirasha
chup hai hum bhi
chup ho tum bhi
hoti hai sab baatein fir bhi
are kaisare hua yeh ajooba
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo

jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
tumhe aankhon mein basaya
tumhe dil mein bithaya
koi tumse naa lenge kiraya
tumhe aankhon mein basaya
tumhe dil mein bithaya
koi tumse naa lenge kiraya
tum jo humse milne aaye
humne saapne nayeh sajaye
ab karna nibhane ka wada
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
aaj dharti se gagan ka
aaj dharti se gagan ka
phoolo se chaman ka
ghatao se pawan ka ho raha milan
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo
jaadoo jaadoo jaadoo 

in this song we can also apply theory of I.A.Richards. we find many symbols in this song like,..

“ aaj dharti se gagan ka
phoolon se chaman ka
tumhe aankhon mein basaya
tumhe dil mein bithaya
koi tumse naa lenge kiraya
tumhe aankhon mein basaya
tumhe dil mein bithaya
koi tumse naa lenge kiraya
tum jo humse milne aaye
humne saapne nayeh sajaye
ab karna nibhane ka wada”

in this lyrics we find double meaning of words. From my side i try to give my best i hope it is helpful for batter understanding.

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paper 6 Assignment

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Name: Trivedi Disha Hiteshbhai

Paper no: 6 

Topic: Major Victorian novelist 

Year: 2015-2017

M.A Sem =2

Submitted to: Smt. S.b.gardi department of English m. k. Bhavnagar Universit

Assignment

Paper no 6 (Victorian age)

Topic: write note on major Victorian novelist.

§            

•                          Introduction:

In Victorian era we have many Novelists. They all are very famous for their creation. Here i’m select some of them for my topic like..

• ·        Charles Dickens
• ·        Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell
• ·        Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily, and Anne)
• ·        George Eliot

Now i would like to give some detail about them.

v Charles dickens:

Charles dickens (1812-70) is an central to the Victorian novel as Tennyson is to Victorian poetry. Dickens's struggling, unhappy childhood, as the son of poor, debt-ridden dock clerk , brought him into contact with debtors prisons and forced him into work in a blacking factory at the age of twelve. By perseverance he became office boy, journalist and finally original contributor to periodicals. His satirical “sketches by Boz” proved popular and the Pickwick Papers, following hard offer, made his name. In the journey of a novelist it is said that he had to undergo two most traumatic events. The humiliation of the blacking factory and the disgrace of the marshalsea debtor’s prison. The sickening shame of both seeped to depths of his writing and haunting him for the rest of his days.

The Pickwick paper was a great success. Dickens fame was secure. He lived to enjoy a reputation that was unexampled, surpassing even that of scott. His popularity was exploited in journalism, for he edited ‘the daily news’ and founded ‘household words’ and ‘all the year round’. He also commenced his famous series of public readings that brought him much money. He died in his favourite house, god’s hill place.

After earning a lot name and fame dickens had been offered an opportunity to stand for parliament but although he cared desperately about social reform, he had no political axes to grind. His constituency was the whole world, his policy the dignity of human beings. He abhorred the impersonal machinery of a state fuelled by the evil power of wealth, and in his writing he championed the cause of its victims who were defenseless, dehumanized, degraded, demoralized and deflated-victims powerless to help themselves.

Dickens’s exceptional sensitivity expressed itself through his characters who were based on real people and much of his own vitality and experience flowed through their veins. In many powerful passages he exposed the exploiters and dyrants for the impostors they were ridiculing the pompous, deride the insensitive and creating caricatures of all those who had ceased to be human. He promoted the underprivileged whom society had cast aside, eliciting a sympathetic response from his readers and communicating warmth and kindness to those he supported.

Dickens has written wonderful novels and he has enriched the Victorian novel. Apart from his Pickwick papers, he has to his credit few works, they are:

• ·        Oliver twist,
• ·        Nicholas
• ·        master Humphrey’s clock
• ·        the old curiosity shop
• ·        A Christmas carol
• ·        David Copperfield
• ·        black house
• ·        hard times
• ·        a tale of two cities
• ·        Great expectations etc....

His style is neither polished nor scholarly, but it is clear, rapid and workman like the style of the working journalist. As W. J. Long states,,

“dickens is excellent reading, and his novels will continue to be popular just so long as men enjoy a wholesome and absorbing story”.

    George Eliot:

                              Introduction:

      

      George Eliot was one of the greatest novelists of the Victorian age. She stood at the gateway between the old novel the new, no unworthy heir of Thackeray and dickens and no unworthy forerunner of hardy and Henry James. She was essentially a novelist of intellectual life and her psychological insight into the motives of her characters was deep and profound. Like Meredith she intellectualised the novel and gave in a moral fore our and ethical bias, which it had not yet possessed in the hands of dickens and ohackeray. She made notable contribution to the English novel by giving it an air of sobriety, sternness and which it had not attained in the hands of the early Victorian novelists.

George Eliot as a modern novelist:

George Eliot is known as a modern novelist in spite of living in Victorian Age. She wrote in the fashion contrary to that of her contemporaries, Dickens, Thackeray, etc. She is not completely divorced from the traditions. She draws her picture in the Victorian style, but she develops it in a new direction.
 

    The Victorians, on the whole, were instructive and they wrote what they wanted to write. Eliot, on the other hand, was an intellectual and she wrote what she should have written. She is known as the first intellectual novelist. Her novels are the embodiment of her ideas. The main charm of the Victorians lies in the individual expression, whereas, in Eliot, our interest is kept up in the way she analyses and diagnoses problems. Eliot rejects dogma and wants to analyze the causes of every problem she comes across.
    

Her scenes are more real than those of the Victorians because her realism is not only documentary but also psychological. To other novelists, realism is an intellectual necessity but in her case, it is a creed and emotion rather ambition which follows avidly. Her picture is more realistic owing to her clear perception of realities. She draws her characters inside out.
    

The Victorians were satisfied with the apparent realities whereas Eliot penetrated deep into the phenomenon and brought to light the hidden causes. 
     The Victorians, too, were satirist but they satirize just to create humor so they were ordinary humorist, whereas, Eliot satirized as a serious thinker. Her humor was of a distinct type i.e. intellectual and psychological humor soaked into deep pathos. She fused together comic irony and mild satire to create humor and her end was to moralize. Her humour had a serious message underlying it. This kind of humor is employed by the modern novelists. 
    

Other Victorians did have a moral touch but, in Eliot, we find moral earnestness. Like Fielding, she wrote to inculcate moral in the people. But her concept of morality was quite different from that of Fielding’s. She reshapes the consciousness of the individuals in order to remold the whole structure of the society. She believes in the presence of the moral code at the heart of the universe. She made novels the embodiment of her moral ideas. In “The Mil on the Floss”, she denounces the dominance of the self recklessness, loose-living etc and emphasizes on the absoluteness of duty, endurance, renunciation etc. her concept of morality is based on human values and the laws of human heart.
    

Her psychological approach also makes her modern. The clear sighted vision of the essential of character gives her a definite edge over the Victorians like Bronte, Dickens, Austen, etc. The grasp on the psychological essentials makes her draw complex characters better than the Victorians, because she draws them inside out.
   

  The insight into human nature makes Eliot’s picture of human nature more homogeneous than that of Dickens, etc. She shows that saints and sinners are made of the same clay; however, the latter lack the necessary strength of mind. She has ardent sincerity which compensates for many of the feelings of her aesthetic judgment.
    

 Eliot is reveler of the self. Characters like Maggie are the self-portraiture's of Eliot. She unveils herself through her female characters. Eliot broke away from the fundamental conventions of form and matter. She rejected the standardized formula. She conceived one idea and its logical development.

     She is modern in inspiration, too. Earlier, novel was meant only for the entertainment of the middle class reading public. Eliot’s intellectual approach made novel a ‘meeting place of problems’. She studied Man in relation to higher aspects of life. Eliot was the first novelist to discover this particular track on which the modern novelists are treading today. Though Eliot lived in the Victorian era yet she is modern novelist since she wrote in the modern fashion. But she cannot be called ‘Victo-modern’. Eliot, in contrast, is exclusively orthodox and Victorian in her ideas and modern in her approach. She can also be differentiated from Hardy in the sense that he is peculiarly Victoria in his style and approach and modern in his ideas. To be curt, Eliot is a modern novelist living among st the Victorians

v Three Bronte sisters:

• ·        Charlotte Bronte
• ·        Emily Bronte
• ·        Anne Bronte

§                Charlotte Bronte:

she broke a new ground in the history of the English novel. The novelist following the example of Jane Austen had chosen to portray the manners and ways of social life. Hitherto the novelists had undergone no revolution of mind or soul. They were still faithful to the 18^th century, still engrossed by the outward spectacle, fascinated by life’s multitudinous variety, exhilarated by its humors if not unendurable touched by its pathos, but as yet unaware to the call of the deeper imagination.

She replaced the literature and the novel of manners by the novel of spirit and the inner life of the soul.

“ A literature of manners was to give place to a literature of the spirit”, says baker, in the novels of Charlotte Bronte.

In her novels the soul was at last awake to its own existence and its relations to a complex and perhaps inscrutable universe. She looked into her heart and wrote of thing she had intimately known. “At any rate, her significance in the course of action is that she delineated the intense moods of her own heart and imagination, which have their rapport in the moods of the race.

v List of novels by Charlotte Bronte:

• §  Jane Eyre
• §  Shirley
• §  Vilette
• §  The professor

v List of novels by Emily Bronte:

• §  Wuthering Heights(1847)

v List of novels by Anne Bronte:

• §  Agnes Grey (1847)
• §  The tenant of wild fell hall (1848)

     this is something about theme i hope it will be helpful to batter understanding.

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paper 5 Assignment

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                     Assignment

Name: Trivedi Disha Hiteshbhai

Paper no: 5           

Topic: examine Wordsworth’s views on nature of poetry and the process of poetic creation.

Year: 2015-2017

M. A. Sem = 2

Submitted to: Smt. S. b. Gardi Department of English M. K. Bhavnagar University (Gujarat)

Topic:  examine Wordsworth’s views on nature of poetry and the process of poetic creation.

             Wordsworth was primarily a poet not a formal critic. He became a critic of contemporary poetry out of sheer necessity of his creative genius. He is the first critic to turn from of poetry to its substance. He is the first critic who builds up a theory of poetry and gives an account of the nature of the creative process. His emphasis is on novelty, experiment, liberty, spontaneity, inspiration and imagination as contrasted with the classical emphasis on authority, tradition and restraint. Rene wellek states:

“Though Wordsworth left only a small body of criticism, it is rich in suggestions, anticipations and personal insights.”

Wordsworth’s ‘Preface to Lyrical Ballads’ opens with a declaration that this volume was published as an experiment. His aim in writing it is to demonstrate the need of writing a new kind of poems and to reevaluate the poetry of the bygone period.

First of all Wordsworth defines who is a poet? The poet is essentially a man. He differs from other man not in nature, but merely in the degree of his gifts. He is a man of greater imagination and greater power of communication. He can, therefore, comprehend truths to which others remain blind. The poet is a more comprehensive soul- who can transport his feeling to others.

          

       Then Wordsworth prefers incidents and situation of humble life on the themes of his poetry. Because in rustic and humble life, one can easily study the fundamental passions of human heart. More so the language should be the language used by simple rustic people so that one can express emotions lively. He does not consider meter essential to poetry. He regards it as merely pleasure separated, but at the time he allows its use while he rejects the use of poetic diction, because it is artificial, capricious and lawless.

       

     According to Wordsworth, the use of meter adds to the charm and appeal to a poem. It control the over excitement. The use of meter gives the reader a sense of the poet in overcoming artistic difficulties. Wordsworth says:

            “The metrical arrangement continues to give us continual and regular impulses of pleasure surprise.”

             Thereafter Wordsworth discusses what is poetry? He defines,

            “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of the powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”

            There are four stage through which an experience passes and a successful composition takes place. First of all, there is the observation of some of some object, character or incident which sets up powerful emotions in the mind of the poet. Secondly, there is recollection of that emotion in tranquility. Thirdly, the integration of memory by the poet sets up emotion in the mind itself. The fourth is that of composition.

            It should be noted here though” spontaneous overflows of powerful feeling’ and ‘emotion recollected in tranquility’ are the very opposite to each other yet Wordsworth reconciles these two opposites.

            Then Wordsworth tells about the function of poetry i.e. “to produce excitement in o-existence with an overbalance of pleasure.”

            Here he puts accent on pleasure but ‘pleasure’ does not mean purely aesthetic one, but moral too, which is much higher result from the retaliation of truth. He calls poetry;

            “The most philosophical of all writings.”

            “The beneath and finer spirit of all knowledge.”

           Wordsworth considers poetry superior to science. Science studies only through the intellect, the truths of science are discovered by intellect while the truths of poetry are discovered by imagination and intuition. So the truths of science are merely personal and they can be enjoyed only by the scientist. While the truths of poetry are common heritage to all and they can be source of pleasure to all its readers.

           

            Of course, there are certain pitfalls in Wordsworth theory. As Scott- James points out that flesh and blood of a rustic is not mere human then the flesh and blood of townsmen. Besides by confining himself to rustic life, he excludes many essential elements in human experience.

           

             Looking at it as a whole it can be said that Wordsworth’s contribution to English literary criticism is manifold. He pioneered romanticism. He gave a new theory of poetic diction. He demolished the neo-classical cannons of correctness, accuracy, authority, rule etc. And put emphasis on spontaneity, imagination, intuition and inspiration. His ‘preface to lyrical ballads’ gave valuable, new insights into the nature, scope and function of poetry and its creative process. It heralded the new dawn of democracy in literature and criticism.   

Coleridge’s criticism on Wordsworth’ theory of poetic diction:

            Coleridge was mainly a great poet. He was also a great philosopher and profound thinker. He differs from other English critics as his main pre-occupation was not to lay down the rules of criticism but to go deep into the process of literary writing. He wanted to establish the principles of writing rather then to furnish the rules of art. Thus, he was the first critic to pounce upon wordsworth’s theory of language and to expose its weakness.

            In Lyrical ballads, Wordsworth gives a few ideas regarding poetic diction that the language of poetry should be the language really used by rustic people, who are very close to nature. Of course, there should be selection of words while employing in poetry. Moreover the language should be live and it can express real emotion. T should have a certain coloring of imagination and there is o essential difference between language of prose and poetry.

            Coleridge argues against Wordsworth an concept of poetic diction. According to Coleridge, if there is selection of language as Wordsworth says, then there would be no difference between the rustic language and the language used by men of cities. More so the best part of a man’s language dose not result merely from communication with nature, but from education, from the noble thoughts etc. Coleridge further says that as a man grows, he come across new ideas which cannot be expressed through primitive and undeveloped rustic language. Then, there must be polished and metrical language.

            Coleridge objects to the use of the word real. Because every man has his individual vocabulary capacity as per his knowledge. Thus, the word real should be substitute by ordinary.

            According to Coleridge there is and there out to be, unessential difference between the language of prose and poetry. Because poetry requires meter and meter requires a different arrangement of words. Meter is an essential, organic part a poem. Thus, there is a bound to be an essential difference between language of prose and poetry. Moreover, the language poetry selective and purified.

            In this way Coleridge gives a new path to the process of poetic diction and he also throws lights on the process of poetic creation.    

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In literary theory, structuralism is an approach to analyzing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure.There are many structuralist critics like Ferdinand Saussure, Gerald Genette, Roland Barthes etc.structuralist critics found basic common structure in every work. As all human beings have a same structure and it is also shows in TV serial or movies etc..
Many movies and serials or literature have the same structure of revenge tragedy .

For Example :-
 Colors TV serial nagin

in this serial we can see Shivanya comes for revenge purpose. she is a daughter of ' ichadari nag or nagin' they are killed for 'nag Mani'. Ritik is hero of serial and his father is murder of shivanya's parents. she is marry with him just for take a revenge. She is also nagin. now this serial is going on.